Simple Ways to Calm a Crying Baby
And Have a More Peaceful Night’s Sleep
本文刊載於United States Lactation Consultant Association〔USLCA, 美國授乳顧問協會〕的官方期刊Clinical Lactation《臨床授乳學》網頁，編號Volume 4 Issue 2，Issue 2探討睡眠訓練及相關議題。
作者：Sarah Ockwell-Smith, John Hoffman, Darcia Narvaez, Ph.D., Wendy Middlemiss, Ph.D., CFLE, Helen Stevens, James McKenna, Kathleen Kendall-Tackett, Ph.D., IBCLC, RLC, Tracy Cassels
“My baby is only happy in my arms. The minute I put her down she cries.”
“She wakes every hour throughout the night, every night. I’m exhausted.”
Common Statements from New Parents
“我的寶寶只有在我懷中才開心，一放下她就哭了”
“她晚上每個小時都醒來，每天晚上，我累壞了”
這些是新手父母常說的話
Most infants wake at night and expect comfort from their parents.
大部分寶寶在晚上會醒來並期待父母的安撫
The number of times infants wake and need help to return to sleep decreases as they grow but still remains fairly common. Re-cent research by Weinraub and her col-leagues confirms how normal it is for babies to wake at night, with 66% of 6-month-olds still waking at least once or twice a week and the remaining babies waking even more of-ten. Some babies will cry when waking at 12 months of age—even babies who have set-tled back to sleep on other nights.
嬰兒醒來並需要幫助來再次入睡的次數，會隨著他的成長而減少，但依然很常見。Weinraub及其同僚最近的研究確認了寶寶夜晚醒來很普遍，6個月大的寶寶有66%至少每週有1、2次醒來，而其他寶寶有些甚至會醒來超過10次。有些12個月大的寶寶在醒來時會哭，即使他在其他晚上都會自行再入睡。
Helping an infant return to sleep easily, then, is an essential gift to give our infants, and an important goal for parents who need to rest. The science of nighttime care pro-vides a good foundation for parents trying to calm their babies. It clarifies what is im-portant to know about calming babies and why certain types of calming are most likely to be helpful.
幫助嬰兒輕鬆的再次入睡，是我們必需要給嬰兒的禮物，也是對於需要休息的父母的重要目標。夜間照護的科學提供父母們好的基礎來試著安撫寶寶。它說明什麼對於安撫寶寶是重要的，以及為什麼一些安撫方式是最可能有用的。
What Is Important to Know about Calming
對於安撫什麼是重要的
A parent’s presence helps to calm babies who awaken in an upset state.
家長的出現能幫助安撫醒來後心情不好的寶寶
Babies (especially in the first few months) are not yet capable of regu-lating their emotional states. This is one of the reasons why crying tends to increase in the first two to three months of life and then de-crease steadily after that. Infants cry or fuss for many reasons, includ-ing hunger, pain or other discomforts or, at times, simply a desire for physical contact. For example, carrying infants from three to four hours a day reduces the duration of infant crying/fussing behavior generally by as much as 43% at six weeks of age (Hunziker & Barr, 1988).
寶寶(特別是剛出生幾個月的)還不能控制他們的情緒狀態。這是為何哭泣會在前2~3個月增加然後穩定減少的原因之一。寶寶哭或鬧有很多原因，包含饑餓，痛或其他不適，或者有時候只是想要身體上的接觸。例如，每天背著6週大的寶寶3~4小時，可以減少43%的哭鬧行為時間(Hunziker & Barr, 1988)。
Fussing and crying are the most important means by which an infant communicates needs and desires. The specific reason can-not always be determined, but for sure, displaying visible and audible signs of distress is an infant’s most important defense and is overwhelmingly adaptive. When upset, babies depend on sensory input from caregivers—touch, soothing voice, smell, eye gaze, breastfeeding—in order to calm down. That’s the way na-ture designed it to work.
哭鬧是嬰兒溝通他的需求與渴望的最重要的方法，哭的原因不總是明確的，但能確定的是，表達可看見且可聽見的悲傷訊號，是嬰兒最重要的防衛及不可抗的適應能力。當寶寶不開心時，他依靠從照護者提供的感受－觸摸、安撫的聲音、微笑、凝視、哺乳，來使他平靜下來。這是自然天生的運作機制。
Babies rely on their caregivers to calm them and to help deal with other reasons they are unhappy or uncomfortable, such as being in pain, hungry, or in some sort of physical or emotional state that we can’t determine. Being present and attending to infants when they wake and cry can help infants return to sleep more quickly (Mao, Burnham, Goodlin-Jones, Gaylor, & Anders, 2004).
寶寶依賴照護者的安撫來幫助應對讓他們不開心或不舒服的原因，例如覺得痛、餓、或身體上或心理上的不確定因素。當寶寶醒來時現身幫助他可讓寶寶較快再次入睡。 (Mao, Burnham, Goodlin-Jones, Gaylor, & Anders, 2004)
Calming infants helps infants learn to calm them-selves.
安撫寶寶可幫助他學習自己平靜下來
By helping infants calm down by attending to their distress, caregivers help infants develop the tools—both physiologically and emotional-ly—to calm themselves. This is what parents help children with generally (Davidov & Grusec, 2006; Stifter & Spinrad, 2002). Parents are of-ten hesitant to be present when babies cry, fear-ing that attending to crying babies will lead ba-bies to be unable to deal with distress on their own. But this approach only leads to a fussy ba-by and a clingy child.
藉由現身幫助嬰兒平靜，照護者幫助嬰兒發展一些工具－包含生理上及心理上－來使自己平靜。這是父母幫助孩子的普遍方式。(Davidov & Grusec, 2006; Stifter & Spinrad, 2002) 父母若是因為擔心去幫助哭泣寶寶會讓他不能自行處理悲傷，而遲疑不現身幫助，反而只會導致寶寶更愛哭鬧及更黏人。
Leaving babies to cry increases babies’ stress levels and often keeps them awake longer. It does not guide them emotionally or physically toward the goal of regulating their own distress and response. Instead, to develop “good” or “healthy” sleep hab-its, gentle parental guidance is needed to resettle. Over time this leads to a strong, self-settling child who can calm him or herself when challenges arise.讓寶寶自己哭會增加他的壓力程度，常常會讓他醒來更久，這不會教他心理上及生理上學會自我控制悲傷並回應的目標。相對的，發展好的或健康的睡眠習慣，溫柔的引導他平靜是必要的，日後這會帶來強壯的、自我安定的小孩，當挑戰出現時能夠自己保持平靜。
Understand why some babies fuss more at night than other babies.
瞭解為何有些寶寶比別的寶寶更會夜間哭鬧
Fussing upon awakening is a perfectly normal behavior. When babies are dis-tressed they are indicating a need for at-tention, often to help them recover a feel-ing of security. It is, however, important to understand that babies differ in what makes them feel secure.
醒來是會哭鬧是完全正常的行為，當寶寶悲傷時表示他有需求需要被注意，常能幫助他們得到安全感。然而，瞭解寶寶對於什麼能讓他感到安全感，會是不一定的，這很重要。
Because some infants don’t cry very much or very forcefully, some people develop the expectation that all babies can/should be like that. But babies vary greatly in terms of how often and how hard they cry. These differences are driven by many factors, including tempera-ment, experience and physiological maturity. Thus, the need for ex-ternal regulation (calming) continues in varying degrees for different babies.
因為有些嬰兒不太會哭或哭的不強烈，有些人會變得期望所有寶寶都應該要是這樣。但寶寶會多常哭，哭得多用力差異很大，這些差異可能有很多原因，包含個性、體驗、生理成熟度。所以對於外界安撫的需求程度，不同寶寶之間會有差異。
Providing external regulation for babies who feel less secure, and thus more distressed, actually helps them, not hinders them. It helps them build the neural pathways that eventually enable them to deal with stress and calm themselves (Cassidy, 1994; Stifter & Spinrad, 2002).
對於較少安全感而較易悲傷的寶寶，提供外界協助能確實幫助他們而不會阻礙他們，這可以幫助他們建立神經通道讓他們往後可以處理壓力並自我平靜。 (Cassidy, 1994; Stifter & Spinrad, 2002)
Understand when waking is a problem.
瞭解什麼情形下醒來算是問題
Waking is a normal part of infant sleep, and varies based on several in-fant factors: (a) feeding method (breast or bottle), (b) age, (c) shifts in developmental levels, and (d) individual level of maturity. In light of these factors, every family must determine whether an infants’ waking is a problem for the family. Waking isn’t a problem just because it hap-pens. To suggest waking defines “problematic sleep” does not accurately reflect current science.
醒來是嬰兒睡眠的正常現象的一部分，而會基於一些嬰兒因素而變化：(a) 餵奶法 (親餵 或 瓶餵)，(b) 年紀，(c) 發展階段的變化，(d) 個人成熟度。依照這些因素，每個家庭需要確定什麼情形下嬰兒醒來對你家來說是個問題，把醒來定義成 “有問題的睡眠” 並不符合現今科學。
We know that it is normal for infants to wake several times in the night, espe-cially if breastfeeding. And given that human babies are neurologically imma-ture at birth, awakenings are the infants’ major line of defense against dangerous, prolonged breathing pauses and permits oxygenation. Moreover, transient and more prolonged awakenings can help respond to cardiopulmonary challenges while asleep and restore a more natural heart rhythmicity (Mosko et al., 1997a).
我們知道嬰兒晚上醒來幾次是正常的，特別是親餵時。因為人類寶寶出生時神經尚未成熟，晚上醒來對寶寶是對於危險的持續性呼吸中止的保護機制，以確保獲得足夠氧氣，此外，短暫的或延長的醒來可幫助回應睡著時心肺功能的挑戰，並恢復更自然的心跳節律。 (Mosko et al., 1997a)
Recall that the early research on sudden infant death syn-drome (SIDS) revealed that in-fants who woke frequently in the night were less likely to die of SIDS than those who awak-ened significantly less often (see review in McKenna 1995 and Mosko et al., 1997a and b).
回想早期關於嬰兒猝死症(SIDS)的研究指出，夜間較常醒來的嬰兒，比起很少在夜間醒來的寶寶，發生SIDS的機率較低。 (請看review in McKenna 1995 and Mosko et al., 1997a and b)
After babies are beyond the age of chief risk for SIDS and their waking and sleeping is settling into more of a consistent pattern, research shows that many continue to wake in the night (Weinraub et al., 2012).
即使寶寶過了SIDS的高風險年紀，且他們的睡眠與醒來已有較穩定的模式，研究顯示很多寶寶還是會在夜間醒來。(Weinraub et al., 2012)
Even then it may be more helpful to frame the night waking as a family problem rather than as a child’s “sleep problem.” If a parent is OK with a baby waking two or more times a night at 12 months then there is no problem!
將夜間醒來當成家庭問題而不是小孩的 “睡眠問題” 或許較有幫助，如果父母對於12個月大的寶寶晚上可能醒來2次或多次覺得OK，那就是沒有問題！
Calming Ways to Calm Babies
安撫寶寶的安撫方法
The first three months of life is known to many as ‘The Fourth Tri-mester” and requires similar care to the womb. Some babies make the womb-to-world transition easily, others less so. Many of the ways parents naturally try to calm babies actually re-create many of the comforting, familiar expe-riences infants had during their time in utero. For all ba-bies, these calming techniques can be very comforting.
剛出生的前3個月很多人視為 “第四個3個月”(註：從懷孕算起)，需要類似待在子宮的照護，有些寶寶輕易地從子宮轉換到世間，有些寶寶不是如此。很多父母自然地試著安撫寶寶，用提供與寶寶待在子宮裡的經驗相似的安撫方式。對所有寶寶來說，這些安撫技巧是很有安撫作用的。
Recreate movement.
重建移動感
The womb is a constantly mov-ing space and babies tend to respond by calming to move-ments, such as dancing, sway-ing from side to side, going for an exaggerated quick walk, or bumpy car ride.
子宮內是會不停移動的空間，寶寶對於移動感容易感到平靜，例如跳舞、橫向搖動，大幅快速走動、或是坐在會晃動的車上。
Rely on touch; provide skin-to-skin contact.
依賴撫觸；提供肌膚接觸 (skin to skin)
Being in contact with warm, naturally (un)scented, skin is proved to be calming for infants/babies, it helps to stabilise their body tem-perature, heart rate and stress hormones, and stimulates the release of oxytocin—the love and bonding hormone–in parent and baby both.
接觸溫暖的，自然氣味的(或無味的)皮膚，能提供寶寶安撫作用，這有益於穩定他的體溫、心跳速度以及壓力賀爾蒙，並且刺激釋放出催產素－愛與bonding(親子聯結)的賀爾蒙催產素，父母及寶寶兩方都會釋放催產素。
Recreate familiar sounds.
重建熟悉的聲音
The babies’ time in the womb was marked by many rhythmic sounds. Sounds similar to those babies heard in the womb can be very calming. White noise offers constant surrounding sounds while also slowing brain wave frequencies.
寶寶待在子宮的時候有個特徵是有很多有節奏的聲音，寶寶聽到待在子宮時聽到的類似聲音會很有安撫作用，白噪音提供持續的環境聲音會降低腦波的頻率。(譯註：常見的白噪音如風扇聲、吹風機、下雨聲等)
Help the infant learn to deal with sensations of hunger.
幫助寶寶學習處理飢餓感
Hunger is a new sensation for infants—and infants may find it hard to calm when they feel hungry. Feeding babies when they wake at night can help babies transition back to sleep, especially when lighting and interaction are kept at low levels of stimula-tion. Babies also find sucking to be the ultimate relaxation and comfort tool, one of their few forms of self-initiated self-regulation. Sucking helps a baby’s skull bones to return to their normal position after birth as well as providing them with com-fort and security. Some infants/babies respond to sucking on a dummy/pacifier as soothing (but avoid this in the early weeks of breastfeeding as it can pose problems establishing breastfeeding).Non-nutritive suckling on the breast is also calming.
飢餓對寶寶是新的感受－而寶寶可能在感到飢餓時很難平靜。寶寶晚上醒來時喝奶可以幫助寶寶再次入睡，特別是燈光及互動保持在最小的刺激程度時。寶寶也會發現吸吮是可以得到最大放鬆的安撫工具，是少數自發的自我控制形式之一。吸吮幫助寶寶的頭骨在產後回到它正常的位置，並提供寶寶平靜感及安全感。有些寶寶喜歡吸奶嘴來安撫。(但在親餵最初的幾週時避免用奶嘴，因為它可能造成親餵哺乳的問題。) 並非要喝奶的吸吮乳房也是一種安撫。(譯註：奶嘴可能造成吸吮動作與親餵不同的適應問題，並且在寶寶想喝奶時，奶嘴會讓媽媽無法提早看出寶寶想喝奶的訊號。)
Sleep Routines that Can Help Calm Babies
睡眠慣例幫助寶寶平靜
Keep babies close.
保持靠近寶寶
Keeping babies close helps in shared breathing, touch, warmth, and awareness of any difficulties. Babies are generally much calmer and sleep more easily if they are sleeping with their caregivers or in very close proximity. Babies can benefit from the shared breathing (and general sensory exchanges) with the caregiver including skin-to-skin contact and this can be achieved to varying degrees de-pending on the overall safety conditions including keeping the infant on a separate surface next to your bed, a behavior called separate-surface cosleep-ing.
保持靠近寶寶有助於分享呼吸、接觸、溫暖、以及發現任何困難。如果寶寶和照護者一起睡或保持接近距離，寶寶通常感到更平靜且更容易睡覺。寶寶能從和照護者共享呼吸(以及一般知覺交換)而獲益，包含肌膚接觸，這可視整體安全條件有不同程度的達成方法，包含讓寶寶睡在靠近自己床的分離表面上，這叫作separate-surface cosleep-ing (分離表面的一起睡)(圖片範例連結)。
Many breastfeeding mothers find that intermittent bedshar-ing helps them continue breastfeeding, especially if they work during the day. Bedsharing (while the American Academy of Pediatrics cur-rently recommends against it) not only increases sleep time both for mothers and babies, but has the effect of increasing the chances that mothers will breastfeed for a greater number of months than if they place their infant elsewhere for sleep.
很多親餵媽媽發現間歇的同床睡幫助他們繼續親餵，特別是如果他們白天有在工作。同床睡 (雖然美國小兒科學會現在並不建議它) 不僅增加媽媽及寶寶的睡眠時間，也能增加母親能夠親餵的月數(延長泌乳期)，比起和寶寶分開睡時。
Close proximity usually means night feeds are much easier, there are more of them, and they are far less disruptive for parents and infants, and thus can be more settling. That said, just as with any sleep arrangement, bedsharing does carry risks (as does sleeping away from the baby), and there are very clear circumstances that we know that make bedsharing not advisable.
接近的親密感通常使夜間餵奶變得簡單很多，越多親密感就越少母嬰分離感，並更能安穩。但如同任何的睡眠安排，同床睡也有風險 (如同分開睡也有風險)，我們清楚知道有一些情況是不建議同床睡的。
When bedsharing should be avoided.
何時應該避免同床睡
It is important for the caregivers to refrain from bedsharing if they are not breastfeeding, and obviously if any adult is under the influence of alcohol, drugs, or anything than may impair their natural arousal patterns. Surely, babies should sleep alongside the bed on a different surface (a) if adult bedsharers are excessively sleepy, (b) if smaller children are likely to find their way in to the parents’ bed, or (c) if there is another adult present in bed who refuses to take any responsibility for the infant.
在非親餵時，有以下情況下避免同床睡是很重要的，當有任何大人受到酒精、藥物或其他任何會妨礙自然醒來的事物影響時。當然，寶寶應該睡在靠在床邊的不同表面上，在以下情形時：(a) 若同床大人會睡得非常熟。 (b) 若有較小的小孩有可能有辦法跑到父母床上。 (c) 若有另一個大人也同床但拒絕對嬰兒負任何責任時。
Bedsharing should be avoided if mothers smoked during preg-nancy because infant arousal patterns may not be as efficient as they should be for maximum safety in a bedsharing envi-ronment. The same holds true for small premature infants. They are safest sleeping alongside the bed in a different sleep structure rather than in the bed. And, finally, it is highly risky to fall asleep with an infant on a couch, sofa or armchair as many infants have suffocated by being trapped between the adult and some part of the furniture. In all these cases, co-sleeping (different surface, same room) is more advisable than bedsharing.
為求最大安全的同床睡環境，如果媽媽懷孕時有抽煙應該避免同床睡，因為嬰兒喚醒父母的能力可能較差。較小的早產兒也是如此，讓他睡在靠床邊的分離睡床上而不是同一張床最安全。最後，和寶寶在睡椅、沙發、扶手椅上睡著是非常危險的，因為寶寶可能會被大人及家俱的某部分堵塞住呼吸而窒息。以上這些情況，比較建議一起睡 (不同表面，同房間) 而不是同床睡。
Finally, wherever an infant sleeps they should always be placed on their backs. Moreover, if sleeping with or away from caregivers, in-fants should be positioned away from soft bedding, pillows, or toys and be situ-ated so that breathing is never obstruct-ed, with their heads never covered.
More on safe cosleeping here (and below in the references).
最後，無論在哪睡嬰兒都應該仰睡，此外，如果和照護者分開睡，嬰兒應該遠離軟的床墊、枕頭、或玩具，要確保呼吸不會被阻礙，頭不會被蓋到。
更多的安全同床睡資訊請點選。(以及參考文獻下方)
Breastfeed.
親餵哺乳
In addition to all its other associated benefits to infant health and cognitive development, breastfeeding is an excel-lent way to calm a baby. It provides skin-to-skin contact and warmth. Breastfeed-ing can be of benefit to the caregiver as well, making wakings easier to manage and helping to reduce postnatal depres-sion (Dennis & McQueen, 2009; Ferger-son, Jamieson, & Lindsay, 2002; Kendall-Tackett, 2007). In one recent study, mothers who exclusively breastfed actually got more sleep and were less tired during the day than mothers who either exclusively formula fed or both breast-and formula-fed (Kendall-Tackett, Cong, & Hale, 2011).
除了有嬰兒健康及認知發展上的好處之外，breastfeeding(親餵哺乳)是安撫寶寶的絕佳方法，它提供肌膚接觸與溫暖，並且也對媽媽有好處，能讓夜間醒來更簡單應對並幫助減少產後憂鬱。(Dennis & McQueen, 2009; Ferger-son, Jamieson, & Lindsay, 2002; Kendall-Tackett, 2007) 在一個最近的研究指出，全親餵的媽媽實際上得到更多睡眠並在白天較不累，比起全配方奶的媽媽或兼用親餵及配方奶的媽媽。(Kendall-Tackett, Cong, & Hale, 2011)
Listen to the baby & trust your caring instincts.
傾聽寶寶並相信你的照護直覺
Babies are master communicators, just as adults typically are mas-ters at figuring out how best to respond. Adults don’t learn to rock a baby or to talk softly…these come naturally. So to calm babies, it is helpful to follow the baby’s lead and follow one’s heart. Parents need to learn to follow their hearts and keep babies safe and healthy. If holding the baby seems to cause distress, then parents can stay with them, but place them in a position that seems more helpful. If the parent is still, perhaps walk; if the parent is already moving, perhaps rock. Parents should trust their instincts in how to be present with the baby.
寶寶是溝通高手，就像大人通常是瞭解怎樣回應寶寶最好的高手，大人不用學習輕搖寶寶或輕柔說話…這些都是自然會的。所以對於安撫寶寶，順著寶寶的引導並順著你的內心是有幫助的，父母需要學習順著自己內心來保護寶寶的安全和健康。如果抱著寶寶好像讓他不開心，父母可以待在他身邊並把他放在看來更適合的地方，如果父母抱著不動，或許走一走，如果已經在移動了，或許輕搖一下。父母對於如何與寶寶相處應該相信自己的直覺。
Note for Parents
給父母的註記
There is only one expert in caring for your baby–you. Sometimes you will find a way to calm your baby easily. Sometimes it may seem like what worked before doesn’t work now. Being patient with your baby and yourself will help you both learn and grow.
照顧你的寶寶的專家只有一個－你。有時你會輕易發現一個方法來安撫寶寶，有時好像以前有用的方法現在不管用了。對你自己和你的寶寶多點耐心，會幫助你們學習並成長。
What If the Routine Is Still Stressful?
如果日常慣例還是讓人很累呢？
A time may come when a parent starts thinking, “I’ve been doing night-time comforting for quite awhile now. Is there anything I can do to move towards getting some uninterrupted nights?”
The answer is yes. Partly it comes with time–varying times for dif-ferent babies as Weinraub’s recent study showed. And there are some things parents can do to gently move in that direction with the baby. We will share some ways to help babies need less atten-tion at night, if that is something that is essential for a family’s well-being. These approaches will build on the essential steps for calm-ing discussed here:
♡ Listen to the baby’s signals
♡ Provide nurturance and support
♡ Help babies help themselves calm.
有一天你可能會想 “我已經全天照顧寶寶很久了，有沒有什麼方法可以讓我有不被打攪的夜晚？”答案是有的，部分是靠時間，Weinraub最近的研究顯示寶寶何時會睡過夜有各人差異。父母可以溫和幫助寶寶睡過夜，若對於家庭幸福是必需的，在此分享一些幫助寶寶在夜間需要較少關注的方法，這些方法基於本篇討論的安撫寶寶之必要步驟：
♡ 傾聽寶寶訊息
♡ 提供關愛與支持
♡ 幫助寶寶讓自己平靜
延伸閱讀：
◎ Educating the Experts – Lesson One: Crying
教導訓練專家－第一課：哭
本文說明寶寶為什麼會哭泣，以及哭泣會停止的原因包含以下幾種：
1. 寶寶的需求被滿足了，這是最佳的情況。
2. 哭泣會造成體溫上昇，當體溫過高時寶寶會減少或停止哭泣。
3. during baby training that he has given up or learned that he will not be attended to. ...In short, not responding to an infant’s attempt at communication will cause them to give up at the very least and possibly demonstrate long-term learned helplessness. This type of non-crying is damaging to a baby’s long-term psychological well-being, no matter how beneficial it may be for mom and dad in the present moment.
寶寶因為被訓練而放棄哭，或者他學到了沒有人會來幫助他。 簡而言之，不回應寶寶的溝通嘗試，會使他放棄哭並可能表現出他學到的長期無助感，這種類型的停止哭泣會傷害寶寶的長期心理健康，無論它對於父母帶來多棒的立即好處。寶寶不哭了絕對不是因為他學會了訓練專家說的 “自我安撫”。
(註： “教導訓練專家” 系列文一共 5篇，以科學的角度指正一些嬰兒訓練書籍的錯誤資訊，其中點名了《Secrets of the Baby Whisperer》《超級嬰兒通》” 這本書，這本看似為溫和派的訓練書籍，因為違反學理且實行上常造成不良結果，因此負評很多，AMAZON書評平均分數為 3.7星。對照組：《Dr. Denmark Said It!》，台灣名書《百歲醫師...》的資料來源，Dr. Denmark即為百歲醫師，這本書的評分為 3.8星，也是因為違反科學且對嬰兒有害，因此負評很多。)
◎ 教導訓練專家－第三課：Touch (中文翻譯)
◎ Educating the Experts – Lesson Four: Self-Soothing
教導訓練專家－第四課：自我安撫
科學顯示寶寶並不會由哭泣學會自我安撫，這就像是把不會游泳的人丟進水裡而造成滅頂一樣。
Emotion regulation, being a complex and difficult task at the best of times, is something that is most likely far beyond the reach of any young infant. Children take time to learn how to regulate their own emotions, and this may take place at different time points for different types of regulation.
情緒控制，是複雜而困難的工作，即使是在最好的情況下，完全超出年幼infant(嬰兒)的能力範圍。Children(小孩)需要花時間去學習控制自己的情緒，不同類型的情緒控制可能會在不同的時間點學習。
◎ Educating the Experts – Lesson Five: Schedules
教導訓練專家－第五課：時間表
http://evolutionaryparenting.com/educating-the-experts-lesson-five-schedules/
強迫寶寶在不想睡覺時要他睡覺，或是在他想睡覺時讓他撐久一點讓他清醒，會傷害親子關係造成寶寶更愛哭鬧，並且有造成SIDS (嬰兒猝死症)機率增加的風險。此外，比起依訊號餵奶 (feed on-cue，意思同feed on demand，即想喝就餵，餓了就餵，但feed on-cue一詞有強調觀察寶寶餓了的cue=訊號之意思。)，依照Schedule (時間表)定時餵奶的寶寶，其喝奶量較少，體重成長較慢，並且不利於母乳產量 (親餵次數頻繁，並在晚上寶寶醒來時餵奶，有助於奶量增加)，而在另一篇網誌 “瓶餵與親餵的不同 & 如何改善瓶餵”中也有提到，研究指出餓了就餵的寶寶比起依時間表餵奶的寶寶，有較好的認知發展與智商。
◎ 7 Benefits of Sleeping Close to Your Baby
靠近寶寶睡覺的7項好處
包含睡得更安穩、方便哺乳、有利於成長等。
◎ Scientific Benefits of Co-Sleeping
與寶寶一起睡之科學上的優點
http://www.askdrsears.com/topics/health-concerns/sleep-problems/scientific-benefits-co-sleeping
有益心理穩定、降低SIDS(嬰兒猝死症)、長期心理健康、比睡小床安全等。
http://www.askdrsears.com/topics/health-concerns/sleep-problems/scientific-benefits-co-sleeping
有益心理穩定、降低SIDS(嬰兒猝死症)、長期心理健康、比睡小床安全等。
11 Benefits of Co-Sleeping
與寶寶一起睡的11個好處
6 Ways to Help a High Need Baby go to Sleep and Stay Asleep
6個方法幫助高需求寶寶睡覺並維持睡眠
http://www.askdrsears.com/topics/health-concerns/fussy-baby/high-need-baby/6-ways-help-high-need-baby-go-sleep-stay-asleep
相關文章：
為什麼Cry It Out及睡眠訓練技術對寶寶有害 (百歲法、費伯法等)
http://wombat-ch.blogspot.tw/2013/08/cry-it-out-1cry-it-out-cry-it-out.html
http://wombat-ch.blogspot.tw/2013/08/cry-it-out-1cry-it-out-cry-it-out.html
8個父母應該知道的嬰兒睡眠真相
http://wombat-ch.blogspot.tw/2013/09/8.html
http://wombat-ch.blogspot.tw/2013/09/8.html
很多被視為“嬰兒睡眠問題”的問題，其實是正常的嬰兒睡眠模式
寶寶夜晚哭泣的可能原因
Gentle Sleep Resources
溫和的睡眠資源
http://evolutionaryparenting.com/gentle-sleep-resources/
有許多關於嬰兒睡眠的好網站連結
溫和的睡眠資源
http://evolutionaryparenting.com/gentle-sleep-resources/
有許多關於嬰兒睡眠的好網站連結
References*
參考文獻
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Mao, A., Burnham, M.M., Goodlin-Jones, B.L., Gaylor, E.E., & Anders T.F. (2004). A comparison of the sleep-wake patterns of cosleeping and solitary-sleeping in-fants. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 35, 95-105.
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McKenna, J.J., & Mosko, S. (1990). Evolution and the sudden infant death syn-drome (SIDS) Part II: Why human infants? Human Nature, 1 (2).
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McKenna, J.J., & Mosko, S. (2001). Mother-infant cosleeping: Toward a new scientific beginning. In R. Byard & H. Krous, (Eds.), Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: Puzzles, problems and possibilities. London: Arnold Publishers.
Mosko, S., Richard, C., & McKenna, J. (1997). Infant arousals during mother-infant bed Ssharing: Implications for infant Ssleep and SIDS re-search, Pediatrics, 100(2), 841-849.
Mosko, S., Richard, C., & McKenna, J. (1997). Maternal sleep and arousals dur-ing bedsharing with infants, Sleep, 201(2), 142-150.
Stifter, C.A., & Spinrad, T.L. (2002). The effect of excessive crying on the develop-ment of emotion regulation. Infancy, 3, 133-152.
Weinraub, M., Bender, R.H., Friedman, S.L., Susman, E.J., Knoke, B., Bradley, R., Houts, R., Williams, J. (2012). Patterns of developmental change in infants’ nighttime sleep awakenings from 6 through 36 months of age. Developmental Psychology, 48, 1501-1528.
*NOTE: Many of the references are available at: www.cosleeping.nd.edu, where there are extensive details and conversation pertaining to the safety and controversy of bed-sharing, covered both by an interview and the FAQ section of the website.
Co-Authors
共同作者
Sarah Ockwell-Smith
John Hoffman
uncommonjohn.wordpress.com
Darcia Narvaez
Professor of Psychology
University of Notre Dame
Wendy Middlemiss
Associate Professor of Educational Psychology
University of North Texas
Kathleen Kendall-Tackett
Clinical Associate Professor of Pediatrics
Texas Tech University School of Medicine
Helen Stevens
Safe Sleep Space
James McKenna
Professor of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame
Tracy Cassels
University of British Columbia
